4: Phytoplankton - All things great and small
Now that we understand the basic principle behind ocean color remote sensing (that wasn't too hard now, was it?), it is very important to realize that phytoplankton do a great deal more for us than just give the ocean a nice green color. There are at least five main points about phytoplankton that we need to understand:
Like the grass of the fields and the leaves on the trees, most life on
earth ultimately depends on plants for nourishment. In the ocean, microscopic
animals called zooplankton graze on the pastures of plankton. These
little animals are ultimately eaten by larger zooplankton, by fish and as
amazing as it may sound, by the largest creature of all - the blue whale.
There is never a shortage of water in the ocean and generally, there is ample
light for phytoplankton to grow in the surface waters. Carbon dioxide is
plentiful in the ocean and whenever the supply in the surface waters goes
down because the phytoplankton have used it during photosynthesis, it is
replenished from the atmosphere above. In the ocean, the major limiting
factor regulating phytoplankton growth is the availability of nutrients.
Nutrients (nitrates, phosphates, silicates, etc.) are found in great
quantities in the deeper, colder depths of the ocean. Whenever those
waters are brought near the surface, the oceans are essentially
fertilized (just like you do to your lawns to green them up) and the
plankton bloom.
Following on what was just said, wherever mixing takes place in the ocean,
or where currents bring the colder, nutrient-rich waters up from the depths,
the surface waters will be enriched with added nutrients which may stimulate
phytoplankton growth. In looking at the large-scale distributions of
phytoplankton in the ocean, we can see how closely they are related to
areas where nutrients are being supplied to the surface waters.
Because the animals all the way up the food chain ultimately depend on the
supply of phytoplankton at the base, if the plankton disappear, the chain is
broken and eventually the animals will suffer. Life in the ocean is a
delicate balance between the physical conditions that set the stage for
life to exist, and the ability of life to act upon that stage.
Although phytoplankton account for approximately 50% of the photosynthesis
on this planet, over 99.9% of all the carbon dioxide that has been
incorporated into living things over geologic time is buried in
marine sediments, indicating that phytoplankton play a very important
part in regulating the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.
However, not all phytoplankton are green. They come in a variety of shapes
and colors and while most of them are harmless, some can bloom in
such large numbers and produce toxins that can be quite harmful to marine
life and in some cases, to humans as well. When phytoplankton growth is
stimulated by an overabundance of nutrients from sources such as sewage
discharge or runoff of agricultural fertilizers used on land, the
consequences can be quite serious. Dense blooms of phytoplankton can essentially
block sunlight from reaching the bottom in shallow areas of bays or estuaries
and can cause the massive decline in the Submerged Aquatic Vegetaion (SAV)
that has been taking place in places like Chesapeake Bay. These grasses are
vital nursery grounds for many species of fish and invertebrates and their
loss can have dire ecological results. In addition, when these blooms die
and the plankton sink to the bottom, bactierial decomposition of all this
organic matter essentially strips the water of oxygen. Fish, shellfish and
most other living things require oxygen to survive and decaying phytoplankton
blooms have been the cause of many massive fish kills over the years. Of the
phytoplankton that can be directly harmful on their own, the most commonly
known form of these, dinoflagellates, are the source of red tides.
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gene carl feldman (gene@seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov) (301) 286-9428